LLC in the United States and permanent establishment: risks outside the USA

Legal framework and points to watch out for

Holding a LLC in the United States by a non-resident does not in itself prevent another state from claiming a right to tax the activity carried out.

Visit risk of permanent establishment outside the USA arises when the activity is managed, carried out or materialized to a significant extent in a country other than the United States.

This risk does not depend on the legal form chosen, but on the economic and operational reality.

Incorrect assessment of this concept can lead to tax requalification, local taxation of profits and penalties.

The analysis must always focus on the overall context, and not on CLL in isolation.

Frame applicable law

L’permanent establishment is a concept derived from international tax law and widely used in bilateral tax treaties.

Generally speaking, it refers to a business fixed installation by which a company carries out all or part of its activity in a country.

In principle, a permanent establishment can be characterized by :

an office or professional premises,
a place of effective leadership,
a regular human presence,
a dependent agent with the power to bind the company.

Qualification is based on a factual analysis, independent of the country in which the company is registered.

Application to U.S. LLCs

A American LLC is legally a U.S. company, but this qualification does not prevent another state from considering that the activity is carried out in its territory.

In practice, tax authorities examine :

the place where decisions are made,
the place of performance,
material or human presence,
consistency between legal structure and actual operation.

LLC alone is not a decisive criterion.

What an LLC can really do for you

From a strictly legal standpoint, an LLC enables :

to formally locate the company in the United States,
to contract under U.S. law,
centralize certain financial flows,
to operate internationally under an American entity.

However, it does not :

to artificially displace the actual place of activity,
automatically exclude the tax jurisdiction of another state,
neutralize the criteria for permanent establishment.

Legal location never takes precedence over operational reality.

Limits and points of vigilance

There are a number of situations in which there is an increased risk of a permanent establishment outside the USA:

Effective management outside the United States Strategic decisions taken from another country.
Localized operating activity services physically performed in a third country.
Regular human presence : manager, employee or service provider operating on a regular basis.
Dependent agent person with authority to bind the LLC to customers.
No substance in the United States no real activity on American soil.

These elements are assessed cumulatively and contextually.

Concrete risks

Reclassification as a local permanent establishment

L’tax authorities of the country concerned may consider that the LLC has a permanent establishment in its territory.

In this case, it can impose :

all or part of the profits,
remuneration linked to local activity,
flows deemed attributable to this establishment.

Local taxation of profits

Profits attributed to the permanent establishment may be subject to :

to local corporation tax,
local accounting requirements,
specific tax returns.

Such taxation may occur even if the company is legally American.

Double taxation

In the absence of correct coordination :

American tax system,
taxation in the country where the company is actually based,
and applicable tax treaties,

the same result can be imposed twice, without automatic override mechanism.

Sanctions and penalties

Consequences may include:

retroactive tax reminders,
penalties for failure to declare,
interest for late payment,
questioning the overall conformity of the structure.

These risks often arise as a result of an inspection or an exchange of information between authorities.

When risk is limited

The risk of a permanent establishment outside the USA can be reduced when :

the activity is actually carried out from the United States,
the actual management is clearly located,
a coherent economic substance exists,
operations outside the USA are occasional or incidental,
the structure is aligned with applicable tax treaties.

These elements must be objectively demonstrable.

When risk is high

The risk is generally high when :

the LLC is used simply as a billing vehicle,
the manager operates from his country of residence, without an American relay,
the business relies on a stable human presence outside the USA,
the company has no operations in the United States,
structuring has not been analyzed in its entirety.

In these situations, the American form provides only illusory protection.

The role of WizeCounsel support

WizeCounsel is involved in a legal and tax risk analysis logic, particularly on the question of permanent establishment.

The intervention consists of :

explain the criteria for permanent establishment,
analyze the consistency between legal structure and operational reality,
identify areas of vulnerability,
clarify potential tax implications.

This approach is strictly informative, no personalized advice, no preconceived plans.

F.A.Q

Does a US LLC prevent a permanent establishment outside the USA?

No. The risk depends on the actual place of business, not the country of registration.

Does remote working create a permanent establishment?

It can contribute, depending on the duration, regularity and role played.

Can a non-resident manager create a permanent establishment involuntarily?

Yes, notably through effective management or operational presence.

Do tax treaties provide automatic protection?

No. They provide a framework for analysis, but do not rule out any reclassification.

Does this risk exist even without benefits?

Yes, the concept of permanent establishment is independent of profit or loss.